Subjective Factors
1. Groups and individuals who claimed that there was a social problem that needed to be addressed or resolved
Ever since the first shipload of African slaves to reach British North America docked at Jamestown in the year 1619, African Canadians have suffered from extreme amounts of racism and segregation. However, there were a select few who opposed the segregation and vouched for the freedom of of African American and Canadians. Some of the individuals and groups are listed below:
Josiah Henson (1789-1883)- Created all-black settlement at Dawn
Josiah Henson was born into slavery in 1789 in Charles County, Maryland. In 1830 at the age of 41, he escaped into Ontario. Once in Canada, he created a settlement and laborer's school for other fugitive slaves at Dawn. Mr. Henson was also an accomplished minister and authour.
Mary Ann Shadd(1823-1893)- Founded racially integrated school in Windsor
Mary Ann Shadd Cary was an American-Canadian anti-slavery activist, journalist, publisher, teacher and lawyer. She was the first African-American woman publisher in North America. She also founded a racially integrated school in Windsor, Ontario.
Canadian Anti-Slavery Society(February 26th, 1851)- Group aimed to end Slavery
The number of abolitionist sympathizers grew in Canada in the 1850s-1860s. As more Black refugees entered Canada, sympathizers formed organizations and committees to influence public opinion and help freedom-seekers make their way north. On 26 February 1851, the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada was formed. It's mission was "to aid in the extinction of Slavery all over the world."
2. How the social problem was described by the groups and individuals involved
The African-Canadians subjected to the harsh treatment undoubtedly were upset. As the catalyst for the freedom of African-American's, the late Martin Luther King may have best summarized his position on segregation. "Segregation is the adultery of an illicit intercourse between injustice and immorality." The African-Canadians likely shared this same viewpoint.
3. Individuals or groups who were held responsible for the social problem
The segregation of African-Canadians cannot be blamed solely on one individual or one government. The issue was created over time with different governments from different countries all contributing small parts to cause the big problem we know as segregation. These governments and their actions are identified below :
Louis XIV(1638-1715) - Gave Slavery Limited Approval in New France
In the year 1689, King Louis XIV of France gave limited permission for the colonists of New France to keep Black and Pawnee Indian slaves. The colonists had complained about the shortage of available servants and workers and appealed to the Crown for permission to own slaves. Then in 1709, King Louis XIV formally authorized slavery ,when he permitted his Canadian subjects to own slaves, "in full proprietorship." There were fewer slave-owners in New France than in the neighbouring English colonies, and few French colonists openly questioned the long-standing practice.
The American Government- Created the Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act passed by the American Congress on 18 September 1850 dealt a severe blow to the American abolitionist cause. It gave slave-owners and their agents the right to track down and arrest fugitives anywhere in the country. Bounty hunters often kidnapped free Blacks and illegally sold them into slavery in the Southern States.
The Canadian Government- Segregated African-Canadians
While there was never much slavery in Canada, the Canadian government still supported segregation. They created segregated schools and when World War 1 came about, many African-Canadians were not allowed to fight. Also, for a long time, African-Canadians were not allowed to be citizens and were denied many of the rights that the Whites were given.
Ever since the first shipload of African slaves to reach British North America docked at Jamestown in the year 1619, African Canadians have suffered from extreme amounts of racism and segregation. However, there were a select few who opposed the segregation and vouched for the freedom of of African American and Canadians. Some of the individuals and groups are listed below:
Josiah Henson (1789-1883)- Created all-black settlement at Dawn
Josiah Henson was born into slavery in 1789 in Charles County, Maryland. In 1830 at the age of 41, he escaped into Ontario. Once in Canada, he created a settlement and laborer's school for other fugitive slaves at Dawn. Mr. Henson was also an accomplished minister and authour.
Mary Ann Shadd(1823-1893)- Founded racially integrated school in Windsor
Mary Ann Shadd Cary was an American-Canadian anti-slavery activist, journalist, publisher, teacher and lawyer. She was the first African-American woman publisher in North America. She also founded a racially integrated school in Windsor, Ontario.
Canadian Anti-Slavery Society(February 26th, 1851)- Group aimed to end Slavery
The number of abolitionist sympathizers grew in Canada in the 1850s-1860s. As more Black refugees entered Canada, sympathizers formed organizations and committees to influence public opinion and help freedom-seekers make their way north. On 26 February 1851, the Anti-Slavery Society of Canada was formed. It's mission was "to aid in the extinction of Slavery all over the world."
2. How the social problem was described by the groups and individuals involved
The African-Canadians subjected to the harsh treatment undoubtedly were upset. As the catalyst for the freedom of African-American's, the late Martin Luther King may have best summarized his position on segregation. "Segregation is the adultery of an illicit intercourse between injustice and immorality." The African-Canadians likely shared this same viewpoint.
3. Individuals or groups who were held responsible for the social problem
The segregation of African-Canadians cannot be blamed solely on one individual or one government. The issue was created over time with different governments from different countries all contributing small parts to cause the big problem we know as segregation. These governments and their actions are identified below :
Louis XIV(1638-1715) - Gave Slavery Limited Approval in New France
In the year 1689, King Louis XIV of France gave limited permission for the colonists of New France to keep Black and Pawnee Indian slaves. The colonists had complained about the shortage of available servants and workers and appealed to the Crown for permission to own slaves. Then in 1709, King Louis XIV formally authorized slavery ,when he permitted his Canadian subjects to own slaves, "in full proprietorship." There were fewer slave-owners in New France than in the neighbouring English colonies, and few French colonists openly questioned the long-standing practice.
The American Government- Created the Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act passed by the American Congress on 18 September 1850 dealt a severe blow to the American abolitionist cause. It gave slave-owners and their agents the right to track down and arrest fugitives anywhere in the country. Bounty hunters often kidnapped free Blacks and illegally sold them into slavery in the Southern States.
The Canadian Government- Segregated African-Canadians
While there was never much slavery in Canada, the Canadian government still supported segregation. They created segregated schools and when World War 1 came about, many African-Canadians were not allowed to fight. Also, for a long time, African-Canadians were not allowed to be citizens and were denied many of the rights that the Whites were given.